Disinfection

Concept and Definition

Disinfection is the targeted reduction of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic microorganisms to a level that does not pose a health risk to humans, animals, and the environment. This process is carried out using physical or chemical agents, with the aim of preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

Types of Disinfection (by time and purpose of application)

1. Prophylactic (Preventive) Disinfection

This is performed regularly and systematically in areas where there is a potential risk of microorganism spread. The goal is to reduce the number of infectious germs below the infectious minimum.

Places of application:

• healthcare facilities,
• food production and processing plants,
• facilities for the preparation and distribution of drinking water,
• daycares, schools, dormitories,
• households and public spaces.

2. Concurrent Disinfection

This is carried out during the course of an infectious disease, in the immediate vicinity of infected persons or animals, to prevent the spread of infection. This disinfection is performed in parallel with the isolation of the sick and other epidemiological measures.

3. Terminal Disinfection

Applied after an infected person is no longer present (e.g., after recovery, hospitalization, or death), with the aim of destroying any remaining infectious agents in the space, on objects, and equipment.

Types of Disinfection (by agents and methods of application)

1. Physical Disinfection

Based on the application of thermal energy or radiation, it is used when the use of chemicals is ineffective, impractical, or undesirable.

Methods include:

• boiling (water at 100°C),
• dry heat (e.g., sterilization ovens),
• pressurized water vapor (autoclaving),
• UV radiation (for surfaces and air).

2. Chemical Disinfection

This is the most commonly used method in practice due to its broad spectrum of action and ease of application.

Characteristics of effective chemical agents:

• broad antimicrobial spectrum (bacteria, viruses, fungi, spores),
• non-toxic to humans and domestic animals,
• non-corrosive and non-flammable,
• stable and easy to apply.

Most commonly used chemical groups:

• alcohols,
• chlorine-based preparations,
• hydrogen peroxide,
• aldehydes,
• phenolic derivatives.

Conclusion

Effective disinfection is a key element in controlling the spread of infectious diseases and maintaining hygiene in various environments. The proper application of appropriate methods and agents, according to the type of microorganisms and the specifics of the facility, ensures a high level of biosecurity and public health protection.